528

34 Agri and Food Waste Valorization Through the Production of Biochemicals and Packaging Materials

Table 34.1

Agri-food wastes (AFWs) used for synthesis of biopolymers and its composites.

Bioplastic/composite

AFW

References

PLA

Starch

[72]

Spent coffee grounds (SCGs), coffee

silver skin and cotton waste

[73]

Kitchen waste

[74]

Fish meal wastes

[75]

Paper sludge

[76]

PLA monomer L-lactic acid

Pear pomace and ricotta cheese

whey (RCW)

[77]

Food waste/bakery waste

[78]

Kitchen residue

[79]

PHA (P3HB)

Molasses from sucrose/sugar beet

[80–82]

Whey

[83]

Waste frying oil

[84]

Chitosan film composite

Incorporated with carotenoids of

Bactris gasipaes fruit waste

[85]

Polysaccharide-based biopolymer

Starch from mango seed

[86]

Pectin from tree tomato

[87]

Polyol, polyester

Corn stover

[88]

PLA composite

Egg shells and mussel shells

[89]

Hemp

[90]

Wood

[91]

Kenaf and rice husk

[92]

Rice straw

[93]

Jute

[94, 95]

Abaca

[96]

Flax

[97]

Bamboo

[98]

synthetic plastic such as polystyrene. Due to its biocompatibility and non-toxicity,

the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) gave it generally recognized as

safe (GRAS) status. This brought a great deal of revolution in the packaging

industry. The PLA films were transparent and biodegradable. Its application

was realized for short-lived foods [100]. The brittle and low barrier properties

restricted its use for moisture sensitive, long-shelf life and frozen baked goods

[101]. Further, its thermal instability was also a concern. The first high-barrier

PLA-based flexible film for long shelf life foods was produced by Nature Works and

Metalvuoto [102].